Finland's Snow Realm Sensing

ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ
~ Factors controlling the Surface Energy Budget over Snow and Ice ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
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«ΘRealm Sensing	Θ	Θ
ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ

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~ Factors controlling the Surface Energy Budget over Snow and Ice

Abstract
ξ polar regions are an energy sink of the Earth system
ξ Sun rays do not reach the Poles for half of the year
ξ and hit them only at very low angles for the other half of the year
ξ in summer, solar radiation is the dominant energy source for the Polar areas
ξ therefore even small changes in the surface albedo strongly affect the surface energy balance and, thus,
ξ the speed and amount of snow and ice melting
ξ in winter, the main heat sources for the atmosphere are the cyclones approaching from lower latitudes, and
ξ the atmosphere-surface heat transfer takes place through turbulent mixing and longwave radiation, the latter dominated by clouds

The Aim
ξ to improve the knowledge about the surface and
ξ atmospheric processes that control the surface energy budget over snow and ice,
ξ with particular focus on albedo during the spring and summer seasons,
ξ on horizontal advection of heat,
ξ cloud longwave forcing, and
ξ turbulent mixing during the winter season
ξ the critical importance of a correct albedo representation in models
ξ is illustrated through the analysis of the causes for the errors in the surface and
ξ near-surface air temperature produced in a short-range numerical weather forecast by the HIRLAM model
ξ the daily and seasonal variability of snow and ice albedo have been examined
ξ by analysing field measurements of albedo, carried out in different environments
ξ simple albedo parameterizations have been derived,
ξ which can be implemented into thermodynamic sea ice models, as well as numerical weather prediction and climate models
ξ field measurements of radiation and turbulent fluxes over the Bay of Bothnia (Baltic Sea)
ξ allowed examining the impact of a large albedo change during the melting season on surface energy and ice mass budgets
ξ when high contrasts in surface albedo are present, as in the case of snow covered areas next to open water,
ξ the effect of the surface albedo heterogeneity on the downwelling solar irradiance under overcast condition is very significant,
ξ although it is usually not accounted for in single column radiative transfer calculations
ξ to account for this effect, an effective albedo parameterization
ξ based on three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations has been developed
ξ to test a potentially relevant application of the effective albedo parameterization,
ξ its performance in the ground-based retrieval of cloud optical depth was illustrated
ξ the factors causing the large variations of the surface and near-surface temperatures over the Central Arctic during winter were examined
ξ the relative importance of cloud radiative forcing, turbulent mixing, and lateral heat advection
ξ on the Arctic surface temperature were quantified through the analysis of
ξ direct observations from Russian drifting ice stations, with the lateral heat advection calculated from reanalysis products



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