Electricity Organizations Δ 14th of January 2014 Ω 6:00 AM

ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ
~ International Energy Agency (IEA) ~ Empowering Varaible Renewables ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
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«Electricity Sensing	Θ	Θ
ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ

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~ International Energy Agency

»International Energy Agency

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~ Empowering Varaible Renewables

»Empowering Varaible Renewables

Executive summary

Increasing the share of renewables in energy portfolios
ξ is a key tool in the drive to reduce anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions,
ξ as well as other harmful environmental impacts of conventional energy production

Renewable electricity technologies
ξ wind,
ξ wave,
ξ tidal,
ξ solar,
ξ run-of-river hydro

Characteristic that distinguishes them from conventional power plants
ξ output varies according to the availability of the resource
ξ this is commonly perceived to be challenging at high shares
ξ there is no intrinsic, technical ceiling to variable renewables� potential

Variability has to be looked at in the context of power system flexibility
ξ if a power system is sufficiently flexible,
ξ in terms of power production, load management, interconnection and storage,
ξ the importance of the variability aspect is reduced

A flexible electricity system
ξ can respond reliably, and rapidly, to large fluctuations in supply and demand
ξ is already present in all power systems in order to manage fluctuations in demand
ξ it is crucial for high performance and economic and reliable operation

The net variability
ξ in the combined output of many variable renewable electricity plants, based on different resources,
ξ at different locations over a wide area
ξ is smoother than the output of individual power plants.

The flexibility resource of any power system consists of a number of factors
ξ On the supply side, chief among them are quickly dispatchable power plants,
ξ interconnection among adjacent power systems, and energy storage

Flexibility resource on the demand side
ξ changing the �shape� of demand to suit fluctuations in supply
ξ this is as yet under-exploited

ξ Hugo Chandler

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